Kuweta Mahosi (Mahatchi) mu Malawi: Ulongozgi Wakovwira Alimi

Kuweta mahosi mu Malawi nkhwanandi yayi. Alimi ŵanandi ŵakuweta ng’ombe, mbuzi panji nkhuku, kweni mahosi ghakuwoneka viŵi yayi pa vikaya panji pa minda ya alimi.

Mu nkhani iyi tikuyowoya chomene za mahosi agho ŵanthu ŵangaweta kuti ŵakwerengepo, ghawovwirenge pa kwenda panji pa ntchito zipepu. Tikuyowoya yayi vya kuweta mahosi ghanandi nga ni bizinesi yikuru.

Suzgo ndakuti ulongozgi wakupwelelera mahosi ukusangika viŵi yayi mu Malawi. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ivyo ŵakumanya pa ng’ombe panji viŵeto vinyake. Kweni hosi wali na vyakukhumbikwa vyake. Wakukhumbikwira utheka panji chakurya chiwemi nyengo zose, maji ghakutowa, malo ghawemi ghakukhala, kweniso wovwiri mwaluŵiro para wayamba kupunduka panji kulwara.

Nkhani iyi yili kulembeka kugwiliskira ntchito kafukufuku wa chakurya cha viŵeto na ulongozgi wa ulimi wa mu Malawi apo wasangika. Apo ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na mahosi mu Malawi nguchoko, tagwiliskiraso ntchito fundo zakugomezgeka zakupwelelera mahosi zakufuma ku malo ghanyake.

• Kasi Mlimi Wangakwaniska Kuweta Hosi?
• Kugura Hosi Winu Wakwamba
• Chakurya na Utheka
• Maji na Kupwelelera Zuŵa Lililose
• Malo Ghakukhala na Kupwelelera Mapazi
• Umoyo wa Hosi na Wovwiri wa Ŵalongozgi ŵa Viŵeto
• Kuberekeska na Kugwiliskira Ntchito Hosi
• Mafumbo Agho Ŵanthu Ŵakufumba Kanandi

Kasi Mlimi Wangakwaniska Kuweta Hosi?

Pambere mundagure panji kupokera hosi, ghanaghanirani dankha vya malo agho muli nagho, chakurya, maji, malo ghakukhala, munthu wakuti wamupwelelerenge, na ndalama.

Hosi wakukhumbikwira chakurya na maji zuŵa lililose. Manyowa ghakwenera kuwuskikapo, mapazi ghake ghakwenera kuwoneka nyengo na nyengo, ndipo mukwenera kumuwona zuŵa lililose kuti mumanye para pali suzgo.

Para muli na malo ghachoko, ntchiwemi yayi kugomezga waka utheka wa mumphepete mwa nthowa panji vyakukhala vya mbeu. Chakurya ichi chingachepa chomene mu nyengo ya chihanya, chomene para chihanya chafika paumaliro.

Mumanye dankha chifukwa icho mukukhumba hosi.

Para mukukhumba kumugwiliskira ntchito pa kwenda, kukoka katundu mupepu panji kumukwera, hosi yimoza iyo mukuyipwelelera makora yingakwana.

Kweni mungayambanga kuweta mahosi nga ni bizinesi yayi para mulije chakurya chakukwana, maji, mpanda, malo ghakukhala na munthu uyo wangamovwirani para walwara.

Yambani na hosi yimoza. Wonani dankha usange mungakwaniska kuyipwelelera makora chaka chose.

Kugura Hosi Winu Wakwamba

Para mukugura hosi, mungamba na kufumba kuti: Kasi hosi iyi njakwenelera kwa ine? Mtengo uŵe wachiwiri.

Mu Malawi, mahosi ghakuguliskika viŵi yayi nga ni ng’ombe, mbuzi panji nkhuku. Mungakhumbikwira kufumba ŵanthu awo ŵali kale na mahosi, malo ghakukwerako mahosi, madokotala gha viŵeto, ŵalongozgi ŵa viŵeto panji ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito na viŵeto.

Kwa munthu uyo wandawetepo hosi, nkharo ya hosi na umo yasambizgikira ni vyakuzirwa chomene.

Hosi yanarume iyo yali kuchitidwa opareshoni kuti yileke kuberekeska yikuchemeka gelding pa Chingelezi. Hosi ya mtundu uwu, para yasambizgika makora, kanandi yikuŵa yakufwasa kwa munthu uyo wakwamba kuweta.

Hosi yanakazi yikuchemeka mare pa Chingelezi. Mare iyo yazgoŵera ŵanthu na kugwirika nayo yingawa yiwemi.

Kweni munthu uyo wakwamba kuweta wangachita makora kugega hosi yanarume yakuberekeska, iyo pa Chingelezi yikuchemeka stallion. Mungagegaso hosi yichoko chomene panji iyo yikusuzga kugwira.

Pambere mundagure, fumbani:

• Yili na vyaka vilinga?
• Chifukwa wuli ŵakuyiguliska?
• Yakhala yikugwira ntchito wuli?
• Yikurya vichi?
• Yikalwarapo panji kupwetekeka sonosono apa?

Yiwonani apo yikwenda na apo yikung’anamuka. Wonaniso umo yikuchitira para munthu wakuyigwira panji kuyilongozga.

Para mukugura hosi ya ndalama zinandi, ntchiwemi kuti dokotala wa viŵeto wayiwone dankha usange vingachitika.

Kumbukani kuti mtengo wakugulira ndiwo ndalama zekha yayi. Muŵazgengepo ndalama za chakurya, maji, mpanda, malo ghakukhala, transport, kupwelelera mapazi, munkhwala na vinthu vinyake.

Nyengo yitali, ndalama izi zingajumpha mtengo uwo mukagulira hosi.

Kasi hosi wakukhumbikwira chakurya chinandi wuli?

Uzito wa hosi ungamovwirani kumanya unandi wa chakurya icho wangakhumbikwira.

Mahosi ghanandi ghakuru ghakurya chakurya chakukwana pafupifupi 1.5 mpaka 2.5 percent ya uzito wa thupi lawo pa zuŵa. Utheka na chakurya chinyake cha forage vikwenera kuŵa chigaŵa chikuru cha chakurya.

Mwachiyelezgero, hosi wakulemera 450 kg, para wakurya pafupifupi 2 percent ya uzito wake, wangarya pafupifupi 9 kg ya chakurya pa zuŵa.

Kweni unandi wake ukusintha kuyana na:

• ntchito iyo wakugwira,
• umo thupi lake liliri,
• usange ni wanakazi wali na nthumbo,
• usange wakonkheska,
• usange wachali kukura,
• na uwemi wa chakurya icho wakurya.

Pambere mundagure hosi, jifumbani kuti:

Kasi ningamusangira chakurya chakukwana zuŵa lililose, nanga ni para tafika kuumaliro wa chihanya?

Kasi mukwenera kuwona vichi pambere mundagure?

• Hosi waŵe wakufwasa na wambura kusuzga kugwira.
• Waleke kuoneka kuti wakupunduka.
• Waleke kuŵa na kutupa panji vilonda vikuru.
• Waleke kuŵa wakuwonda chomene.
• Maso na weya viwoneke makora.
• Mapazi ghake ghawoneke makora.
• Fumbani chakurya icho wazgoŵera.
• Fumbani vya matenda panji munkhwala uwo wapokera kale.
• Wonani usange wangagwirika, kulongozgeka na kukakika kwambura suzgo.

Usange pali mbiri ya katemera, munkhwala wakuchotsa njoka za munthumbo panji kupwelelera mapazi, nayo yifumbeni.

Palije mtengo umoza wakugomezgeka wa mahosi mu Malawi yose. Mtengo ungathemba pa vyaka, kusambizgika kwa hosi, umoyo wake, ntchito iyo wangagwira, malo agho wakusangika na ndalama zakuyitolera.

Ntheura mungawona waka mtengo uwo ŵakumuguliskira yayi. Ghanaghaniraniso ndalama izo muzamugwiliskira ntchito chaka chose.

Chakurya na Utheka

Chakurya ntchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vingamaryani ndalama zinandi pakuweta hosi.

Kafukufuku wa malo ghakulyeramo viŵeto wa Ministry of Agriculture wa Malawi (MOA), uwo uli kulembekaso na Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ukulongora kuti utheka wa chilengiwa wa mu malo ghakomira ukupeleka chakurya chichoko pakuyaniska na mitundu yinyake ya utheka uwo walimika na kupwelelerika makora.

Utheka wa chilengiwa wa malo ghakomira ukalembeka kuti ungapeleka pafupifupi 1,050 kg ya dry matter pa hectare pa chaka.

Dry matter chikung’anamura uzito wa chakurya para maji agho ghali mukati mwake ghachotsedwamo.

Mitundu ya utheka nga ni Ntchisi panic grass na Gold Coast Napier grass yili kulembeka kuti yingapeleka chakurya chinandi kuluska utheka wa malo ghakomira.

Kweni manambara agha ngakafukufuku wa chakurya cha viŵeto. Ngakufuma mu mayeso ghakudyetsera mahosi pera yayi. Ntheura ghamovwirani kumanya waka umo chakurya chingasangikira. Mungaghatolanga nga ni chisimikizgo cha umo hosi winu wazamukulira yayi.

Chakuzirwa chomene nkhunoza chakurya makora.

Utheka uwo mwalima mungawudumula na kuya nawo kukadyeteska hosi kunyumba. Nthowa iyi pa Chingelezi yikuchemeka cut-and-carry.

Nthowa iyi njakovwira chomene para mulije malo ghanandi ghakuti hosi wendengepo na kurya yekha.

Mitundu ya utheka iyo yikuzunulika mu kafukufuku uyu ni:

• Rhodes grass
• Ntchisi panic grass
• Gold Coast Napier grass

Agha ni mazina gha Chingelezi agho mukwenera kugwiliskira ntchito para mukufumba ŵalongozgi ŵa ulimi panji ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mbuto za utheka.

Nanga ni munda uchoko wa utheka uwo mukudumula nyengo na nyengo ungamovwirani kuti muleke kugomezga waka malo ghakulyeramo gha ŵanthu wose.

Kweni kulima utheka uwemi nako kuli na mtengo wake. Mungakhumbikwira fertilizer, mpanda, ntchito na malo. Malo agha panji mphanyi mwalimapo chimanga panji mbeu zinyake.

Ntheura limani unandi uwo mungakwaniska kupwelelera.

Vyakukhala vya mbeu navyo vingawovwira mu chihanya.

Kafukufuku wa FAO ukuzunura mapesi gha chimanga, agho pa Chingelezi ghakuchemeka maize stover, kweniso masamba na vyakukhala vya skaba, ivyo pa Chingelezi vikuchemeka groundnut tops.

Vyakurya ivi vikusangika chomene kwamba cha m’ma April.

Kweni apo chihanya chikukulirakulira, chakurya chikuchepa. Utheka ukuchekura, malo ghanyake ghakotcheka na moto, ndipo vyakukhala vya mbeu navyo vikumara.

Lekani kunozgekera chakurya para suzgo lafika kale.

Nozgekerani chihanya pambere chindafike.

Mungagomezga yayi kuti utheka wa mumphepete mwa nthowa ndiwo wazamukwana kudyeteska hosi kufuma September mpaka November.

Utheka wakale wakomira ukusuzga kugayika kuluska utheka uchoko uwemi. Ntheura utheka wakomira wa kuumaliro wa chihanya uleke kuŵa chakurya chokha cha hosi.

Usange madeya gha chimanga panji vyakukhala vya ku mphero vikusangika mu chigaŵa chinu, vingapika nga ni chakurya chakusazgirapo.

Kweni vingatora malo gha utheka panji forage yayi.

Mitundu ya nyemba na masamba ghanyake gha makuni agho viŵeto vingarya ghangaŵa na protein yinandi kuluska utheka wakale wakomira.

Mwachiyelezgero, masamba gha khuni lakuchemeka Leucaena ghali kulembeka mu kafukufuku wa chakurya cha viŵeto kuti ghali na protein yinandi.

Kweni ichi chikung’anamura yayi kuti hosi waryenge Leucaena pera.

Para mukusintha chakurya cha hosi, sinthani pachoko na pachoko. Utheka na forage vilutilire kuŵa chakurya chake chikuru.

Maji na Kupwelelera Zuŵa Lililose

Hosi wakwenera kusanga maji ghakutowa zuŵa lililose.

Para wakurya chakurya chakomira, wangamwa maji ghanandi.

Maji ghakubinkha ghangamupangiska kulwara. Malo ghakumwerapo maji nagho ghakwenera kuŵa ghakutowa kuti manyowa ghaleke kunjira mu maji.

Mu nyengo ya vula, woneseskani kuti malo ghakumwerapo ghaleke kuŵa matope nyengo zose.

Kwima mu matope na pa malo ghanyontho nyengo yitali kungapangiska masuzgo ku mapazi na ku khungu.

Para mungafiska, nozganipo malo ghakukhora agho hosi wangimirapo para wakumwa maji, panji pangani nthowa yakuti maji gha vula ghafumengepo.

Hosi mukwenera kumuwona zuŵa lililose.

Wonani:

• usange wakurya mwakawiro,
• usange walije chilonda chiphya,
• usange wakwenda makora,
• na usange manyowa ghake ghali nga umo ghakuŵira nyengo zose.

Hosi uyo waleka kurya mwamabuchi na kwamba kuŵa na vyongo panji kupweteka munthumbo wangaŵa na suzgo lakuchemeka colic pa Chingelezi.

Colic yingawa yakofya. Usange hosi wakusuzgika chomene, wakupunduka chomene panji wakutondeka kupondapo na lundi linyake, penjani dokotala wa viŵeto panji mlongozgi wa viŵeto mwaluŵiro.

Malo Ghakukhala na Kupwelelera Mapazi

Hosi wakukhumbikwira nyumba yakudura yayi.

Malo ghapusu gha denga, ghakuvikilirika ku mphepo na vula, kweniso gha pasi pakomira ghangakwana.

Wakwenera kusanga mthunzi para zuŵa latentha, malo ghakomira para vula yikuwa, na malo ghakubisamamo para mphepo njankhongono.

Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene nkhuti pasi paleke kuŵa panyontho panji pamatope nyengo zose.

Chinyontho chambura kumara chingapangiska suzgo ku mapazi gha hosi.

Matenda ghanyake agho ghangamba pasi pa phazi chifukwa cha chinyontho na matope ghakuchemeka thrush pa Chingelezi.

Ntheura wuskanipo matope na maji apo hosi wakwima na kugona.

Pasi pa lundi la hosi pali chigaŵa chakukhora icho pa Chingelezi chikuchemeka hoof.

Chigaŵa ichi chikukura nga umo nkhwantha zikukulira. Para chakura chomene, chapasuka panji chanangika, hosi wangayamba kupunduka ndipo wangatondeka kugwira ntchito.

Ntheura mapazi ghake ghakwenera kuwoneka nyengo na nyengo.

Para mukumanya yayi umo hoof yingadumulikira panji kunozgekera, penjani munthu uyo wakumanya kupwelelera mapazi gha mahosi. Mungafumbaso dokotala panji mlongozgi wa viŵeto kuti wamulongozgani.

Mu nyengo ya vula, chotsani matope agho ghakunjira pasi pa mapazi para hosi wafuma ku ntchito.

Usiku, malo ghakuvikilirika pafupi na nyumba ghangawovwira kuchepeska kuba kweniso kuvikilira kuti hosi waleke kwenda na kunanga mbeu.

Umoyo wa Hosi na Wovwiri wa Ŵalongozgi ŵa Viŵeto

Magwero agho tagwiliskira ntchito ghakulongora yayi kuti mu Malawi muli pulogalamu ya boma iyo yikupwelelera mahosi pera mu charu chose.

Kweni Ministry of Agriculture yili na ntchito za Animal Health and Livestock Development.

Ntheura fumbani ŵalongozgi ŵa viŵeto mu chigaŵa chinu kuti mumanye wovwiri uwo ulipo.

Para dokotala wa viŵeto wali kutali, kuvikilira matenda pambere ghandambe nkhwakuzirwa chomene.

Para mwiza na hosi muphya, mungamusazganga waka nyengo yeneyiyo na viŵeto vinyake yayi.

Ntchiwemi kumusunga payekha dankha kwa nyengo yinyake kuti muwone usange walije matenda. Ichi pa Chingelezi chikuchemeka quarantine.

Ntchentche na nkhupakupa nazo zingamupangiska suzgo. Fumbani mlongozgi wa viŵeto za nthowa zakwenelera zakuzilekeska mu chigaŵa chinu.

Sungani chakurya na maji vyakutowa. Para hosi wapwetekeka, musazenge waka kuwona chilonda chikukura. Chisamalirani mwaluŵiro.

Mungachichizganga hosi kugwira ntchito yinandi para waonda panji walopwa yayi, chomene kuumaliro wa chihanya.

Usange hosi wagona ndipo wakutondeka kuwuka, wali na colic, panji wakupunduka chomene, penjani wovwiri wa dokotala wa viŵeto panji mlongozgi wa viŵeto.

Mungamupanga waka munkhwala wakupambanapambana kwambura kumanya suzgo yayi.

Nkhani iyi yikuyowoya yayi kuti mu Malawi muli mobile clinics zapadera za mahosi panji ndondomeko ya kuyezga manyowa mu laboratory pambere mahosi ghandapikike munkhwala wa njoka. Magwero agho tagwiliskira ntchito ghandalongore kuti ntchito izi zikusangika mu charu chose yayi.

Kuberekeska na Kugwiliskira Ntchito Hosi

Mungayambanga kuberekeska mahosi para chakurya na maji vichali suzgo yayi.

Hosi yanakazi iyo yili na nthumbo panji yikonkheska mwana yikukhumbikwira chakurya chiwemi na maji ghakukwana.

Ntchito iyo mukupaska hosi yiyanane na umo thupi lake liliri.

Hosi wakukhora na wakuryeska makora wangagwira ntchito zipepu. Kweni ntchiwemi yayi kumuchichizga kukoka katundu muzito para waonda, chomene mu mwezi wa October apo chakurya chikuŵa chichoko mu vigaŵa vinandi.

Para hosi wayamba kuwonda, chepeskani ntchito na kuwona chakurya chake.

Usange mahosi ghakukhala pamoza na ng’ombe, ntchiwemi kuŵapaska chakurya pa malo ghakupambana kuti vileke kulandirana panji kupwetekana.

Sungani malekodi ghapusu gha hosi winu.

Lembani apo mukamugulira, matenda agho walwarapo, na munkhwala uwo wapokera. Para suzgo labuka, malekodi agha ghangawovwira dokotala panji mlongozgi wa viŵeto kumanya ivyo vingachitika.

Kafukufuku wa chakurya cha viŵeto mu Malawi ukulongora kuti utheka uwemi ungapharazgika na kulimika.

Kweni ichi chikung’anamura yayi kuti mlimi waliyose wangakwaniska kuweta hosi.

Usange mulije chakurya na maji ghakukwana mpaka kuumaliro wa chihanya, chedweskani kugura hosi.

Yambani na hosi yimoza iyo mungakwaniska kuyipwelelera makora.

Muwoneseske kuti muli na:

• chakurya chakukwana,
• maji ghakutowa,
• malo ghakuvikilirika,
• nthowa yiwemi yakumugwilira,
• na munthu wakuti wangamovwirani para walwara.

Para mwaweta hosi yakwamba kwa nyengo ndipo mwamanya ndalama na ntchito iyo yikukhumbikwa, ndipo mungaghanaghanira kusazgirako yinyake.

*Ivi ni vyakusambizga pera. Umo viŵeto vikuchitira vingapambana kuyana na nyengo, chigaŵa, chakurya icho chikusangika, umoyo wa chiŵeto na umo chikupwelelerika. Fumbani dokotala wa viŵeto panji mlongozgi wa viŵeto pambere mundapange chisankho chikuru chakukhwaskana na mahosi.*

Mafumbo Agho Ŵanthu Ŵakufumba Kanandi

Kasi hosi ningamupa chakurya wuli mu Malawi?

Utheka ndiyo ukwenera kuŵa chakurya chikuru. Para mungafiska, mungalima mitundu ya utheka nga ni Rhodes grass, Ntchisi panic grass panji Napier grass.

Mu chihanya, mapesi gha chimanga, agho pa Chingelezi ghakuchemeka maize stover, na vyakukhala vya skaba, groundnut tops, vingawovwira.

Kweni ivi vikwenera kugwiliskirika ntchito mwakwenelera, ndipo mungatolanga manambara gha kafukufuku wa chakurya cha viŵeto nga ni mayeso ghakuchitika pa mahosi pera yayi.

Kasi nkhukhumba malo ghakuru wuli kuti niwete hosi?

Magwero agho tagwiliskira ntchito ghakuyowoya yayi kuti hosi yimoza yikukhumbikwira ma hectare ghalinga mu Malawi.

Usange muli na malo ghachoko, mungalima utheka, kuwudumula na kuya nawo kunyumba. Nthowa iyi yikuchemeka cut-and-carry.

Kasi madokotala gha mahosi ghakusangika mu Malawi?

Ministry of Agriculture yili na ntchito za Animal Health and Livestock Development. Kweni magwero agho tagwiliskira ntchito ghandalongore ntchito zapadera za mahosi mu chigaŵa chilichose.

Fumbani livestock officer panji dokotala wa viŵeto mu district yinu.

Kasi mahosi ghangarya pamoza na ng’ombe?

Ghangarya pa malo ghamoza, kweni woneseskani kuti palije kulandirana chakurya panji maji.

Kasamaliriro ka hosi na ng’ombe kakuyanana pa vinthu vinyake, kweni mahosi ghali na vyakukhumbikwa vyawo.

Kasi ningasanga nkhu ulongozgi mu chigaŵa chane?

Fumbani ŵalongozgi ŵa viŵeto ŵa Ministry of Agriculture panji ofesi ya ulimi ya mu chigaŵa chinu.

Zinyake mwa fundo zakugwiliskirika ntchito mu nkhani iyi zikukhwaskana na ntchito ya Chitedze Research Station na buku la Pasture Handbook for Malawi.

Kasi ni vinthu wuli ivyo kanandi vikupangiska kuweta hosi kuŵa kwakusuzga?

Chakurya kumara kuumaliro wa chihanya, maji ghakubinkha, matope pa malo agho hosi wakukhala, na kuchedwa kupenja wovwiri para wayamba kupunduka panji wapwetekeka.

Kasi ningaberekeska hosi wane wanakazi?

Pekha para muli na chakurya na maji ghakukwana kuti mumupwelelere makora, kusazgapo nyengo ya chihanya.

Kuberekeska pambere chakurya chindanozgeke kukusazgirako masuzgo.

Ŵerenganiso: Ulongozgi unyake wa ulimi pa Kumunda

Kuti musange ulongozgi wa boma, fumbani Ministry of Agriculture ya Malawi.

For official guidance, consult the Malawi Ministry of Agriculture.