Kuweta Mahosi (Mahatchi) ku Malawi: Malangizo Othandiza kwa Alimi Ang’onoang’ono

Kuweta mahosi ku Malawi sikuchitika kwambiri. Alimi ambiri ang’onoang’ono saweta mahosi ngati bizinesi yayikulu monga amachitira ndi ng’ombe, mbuzi kapena nkhuku. Mu nkhaniyi tikuyang’ana kwambiri mahosi owetedwa kuti anthu azikwera, azithandiza pa mayendedwe kapena azigwira ntchito zopepuka, osati kuweta mahosi ambiri ngati bizinesi yaikulu.

Vuto limodzi ndilakuti malangizo okhudza chakudya, malo ogona ndi thanzi la mahosi nthawi zambiri amatengedwa pa mmene timasamalirira ng’ombe kapena pa zomwe anthu anazolowera. Koma hosi amafunikira chakudya chabwino komanso chokwanira nthawi zonse, madzi oyera, ndi chisamaliro chofulumira akayamba kupunduka kapena kuyenda movutika.

Nkhaniyi yagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zochokera ku kafukufuku wa chakudya cha ziweto ndi ntchito za alangizi a ulimi ku Malawi komwe zapezeka. Komwe mfundo zokhudza mahosi ku Malawi zilibe zambiri, tagwiritsanso ntchito malangizo odalirika a kasamalidwe ka mahosi ochokera kunja.

• Kodi Kuweta Hosi N’kotheka kwa Mlimi Wamng’ono?
• Kugula Hosi Wanu Woyamba ku Malawi
• Chakudya ndi Malo Odyetsera
• Madzi ndi Chisamaliro cha Tsiku ndi Tsiku
• Malo Ogona ndi Kusamalira Mapazi
• Thanzi ndi Thandizo la Alangizi a Ziweto
• Kuswana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Hosi
• Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi Kuweta Hosi N’kotheka kwa Mlimi Wamng’ono?

Musanagule kapena kulandira hosi, ganizirani za malo amene muli nawo, anthu ogwira ntchito, chakudya, madzi, malo ogona komanso ndalama.

Hosi amafunikira kudyetsedwa tsiku lililonse, madzi oyera, kuchotseredwa manyowa, kusamaliridwa mapazi komanso kuwunikidwa thanzi lake nthawi zonse. Pa malo ang’onoang’ono, kudalira udzu wa m’mphepete mwa msewu kapena zotsalira za mbewu zokha kungakhale koopsa, makamaka m’nyengo yachilimwe pamene chakudya chimachepa.

Dziwani bwino chifukwa chomwe mukufuna kuweta hosi. Kugwiritsa ntchito pa mayendedwe, kukoka katundu wopepuka kapena kukwera m’dera lanu kungakhale chifukwa chomveka chowetera hosi mmodzi amene mumatha kumusamalira bwino.

Koma kuyamba kuweta mahosi ngati bizinesi musanakhale ndi chakudya chokwanira, malo ogona, mpanda komanso mwayi wopeza chithandizo cha dokotala wa ziweto kungawononge ndalama zambiri mofulumira.

Yambani ndi hosi mmodzi amene mungathe kumudyetsa ndi kumusamalira chaka chonse.

Kugula Hosi Wanu Woyamba ku Malawi

Pogula hosi, choyamba ganizirani ngati hosiyo ndi woyenera kwa inu, osangoyang’ana mtengo wake.

Ku Malawi, mahosi sagulitsidwa kwambiri ngati ng’ombe, mbuzi kapena nkhuku. Choncho mungafunike kufunsa anthu amene amasunga mahosi, malo amene anthu amakwerera mahosi, madokotala a ziweto, alangizi a ziweto kapena anthu ena ogwira ntchito m’zaulimi, osati kudalira misika wamba ya ziweto.

Kwa munthu amene akugula hosi koyamba, khalidwe lake ndi mmene waphunzitsidwira n’zofunika kwambiri kuposa kuti ndi wamwamuna kapena wamkazi.

Hosi wamwamuna amene anachitidwa opareshoni kuti asabereke, pa Chingelezi amatchedwa gelding, nthawi zambiri amakhala wofatsa komanso wosavuta kusamalira ngati waphunzitsidwa bwino.

Hosi wamkazi, pa Chingelezi mare, amene wazolowera anthu komanso kugwiridwa, angakhalenso wabwino.

Kwa munthu amene akuyamba kumene, ndi bwino kupewa hosi wamwamuna wobereketsa, pa Chingelezi stallion, komanso mahosi aang’ono kwambiri kapena amene ali ndi khalidwe lovuta kugwira.

Musanagule, funsani zaka za hosi, chifukwa chake akugulitsidwa, ntchito zimene wakhala akugwira, chakudya chimene amadya, komanso ngati wadwalapo kapena kuvulala posachedwapa.

Muoneni akuyenda, akutembenuka komanso mmene amalolera kugwiridwa. Ngati mukugula ndi ndalama zambiri, yesetsani kuti ayesedwe ndi dokotala wa ziweto musanamulipire.

Musakonze bajeti ya mtengo wogulira hosi wokha. Ndalama zoyendera naye, mpanda, malo ogona, chakudya, madzi, kusamalira mapazi, mankhwala ndi zida zina zingathe kupitirira mtengo umene munagulira hosiyo pakapita nthawi.

Kodi hosi amafunikira chakudya chochuluka bwanji?

Poyambira, yang’anani kulemera kwa hosi.

Mahosi ambiri akuluakulu amadya pafupifupi 1.5 mpaka 2.5 peresenti ya kulemera kwa thupi lawo patsiku, ndipo udzu kapena zakudya zina zokhala ndi fiber ziyenera kukhala gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho.

Mwachitsanzo, hosi wolemera 450 kg amene akudya pafupifupi 2 peresenti ya kulemera kwake angafunike pafupifupi 9 kg ya chakudya patsiku.

Kuchuluka kwake kumadalira ntchito imene hosi akugwira, mmene thupi lake lilili, ngati ali ndi bere kapena akuyamwitsa, ngati akadali kukula, komanso ubwino wa chakudya chimene akudya.

Musanagule hosi, dzifunseni funso limodzi lofunika kwambiri:

Kodi ndingathe kumupatsa udzu kapena chakudya chokwanira tsiku lililonse mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe, osati nthawi yokha imene udzu uli wambiri?

Kodi muyenera kuona chiyani musanagule?

• Hosi akhale wofatsa komanso wosavuta kugwira.
• Asaoneke kuti akupunduka, watupa, wavulala kapena waonda kwambiri.
• Maso, ubweya ndi mapazi ake zioneke zathanzi.
• Dziwani chakudya chimene wazolowera komanso mbiri ya thanzi lake.
• Azitha kugwidwa, kutsogoleredwa, kumangidwa komanso kusamaliridwa bwinobwino.
• Funsani za katemera, mankhwala ochotsa nyongolotsi, chisamaliro cha mapazi ndi mankhwala amene walandira kale ngati mbiriyo ilipo.

Palibe mndandanda wodalirika wa mitengo ya mahosi m’dziko lonse la Malawi. Mitengo imasiyana chifukwa cha zaka, maphunziro, thanzi, ntchito imene hosi akufuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito, dera komanso ndalama zoyendera naye.

Choncho musayang’ane mtengo wogulira wokha. Werengeraninso ndalama zimene mungagwiritse ntchito posamalira hosi kwa chaka chonse musanagule.

Chakudya ndi Malo Odyetsera

Chakudya chingakhale chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zingakuwonongereni ndalama zambiri poweta hosi.

Kafukufuku wa malo odyetsera ziweto wa Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Malawi (Ministry of Agriculture, MOA), womwe unafotokozedwanso ndi Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ukusonyeza kuti udzu wachibadwa wa m’malo ouma umatulutsa chakudya chochepa poyerekeza ndi udzu wolimidwa ndi kusamaliridwa bwino.

Udzu wachibadwa wa m’malo ouma unalembedwa kuti ungatulutse pafupifupi 1,050 kg ya chakudya chouma pa hekitala pachaka. Pa Chingelezi, chakudya chouma chimenechi chimatchedwa dry matter.

Mitundu ina ya udzu wolimidwa monga Ntchisi panic grass ndi Gold Coast Napier grass inalembedwa kuti ingatulutse chakudya chochuluka kuposa udzu wachibadwa.

Koma ziwerengero zimenezi zinachokera pa kafukufuku wa chakudya cha ziweto, osati mayeso odyetsera mahosi. Choncho musazitenge ngati chitsimikizo cha mmene hosi adzakulire.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi kusamalira chakudya bwino.

Udzu wolimidwa womwe umatulutsa kwambiri ungadulidwe n’kupita nawo kunyumba kukadyetsa hosi. Njira imeneyi pa Chingelezi imatchedwa cut-and-carry.

Izi zingathandize alimi amene alibe malo aakulu odyetserapo komanso zingathandize kuti udzu umene mwalima usadyedwe ndi ziweto za anthu ena.

Mitundu ya udzu yomwe yatchulidwa mu kafukufukuyu ndi monga:

• Rhodes grass
• Ntchisi panic grass
• Gold Coast Napier grass

Ngati mukulankhula ndi katswiri wa zaulimi kapena munthu wogulitsa mbewu za udzu, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mayina amenewa a Chingelezi chifukwa ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Ngakhale malo ang’onoang’ono odzala udzu umenewu, n’kumadula pafupipafupi, angachepetse kudalira malo odyetsera a anthu onse amene nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa kwambiri.

Komabe, kulima udzu wabwino kungafune ndalama za fetereza, mpanda ndi ntchito. Kungafunenso malo amene akanagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima chimanga kapena mbewu zina.

Choncho limani udzu wochuluka umene mungathe kuusamalira, osati kungodzala zambiri kenako n’kulephera kuzisamalira.

Zotsalira za mbewu n’zofunikanso kwambiri m’nyengo yachilimwe.

Kafukufuku wa FAO ukunena kuti mapesi a chimanga, pa Chingelezi maize stover, komanso masamba ndi zotsalira za mtedza, pa Chingelezi groundnut tops, zingathandize ngati chakudya cha ziweto kuyambira cha m’ma April kupita m’tsogolo.

Koma chakudyachi chimachepa pamene chilimwe chikupita. Udzu umakalamba, ena umatha chifukwa cha moto wa m’tchire ndipo malo odyetsera amakhala opanda chakudya chokwanira.

Konzerani chakudya cha chilimwe nthawi isanakwane.

Musaganize kuti udzu wa m’mphepete mwa msewu ungathe kudyetsa hosi kuyambira September mpaka November.

Udzu wakale wouma umakhala wovuta kugayidwa kuposa udzu wachinyamata komanso wobiriwira. Choncho udzu wouma wa kumapeto kwa chilimwe usakhale chakudya chokhacho cha hosi.

Kumene madeya a chimanga kapena zotsalira zochokera ku mphero zikupezeka, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chowonjezera. Koma siziyenera kukhala chakudya chonse cha hosi.

Mitundu ya nyemba ndi masamba ena a mitengo yodyetsa ziweto nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi protein yambiri kuposa udzu wakale wouma.

Mwachitsanzo, masamba a mtengo wotchedwa Leucaena amalembedwa ngati chakudya chokhala ndi protein yambiri pa kafukufuku wa chakudya cha ziweto.

Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti mungodyetsa hosi Leucaena kapena zakudya zokhala ndi protein yambiri zokha.

Mukafuna kusintha chakudya cha hosi, muzichita pang’onopang’ono. Udzu ndi zakudya zina zokhala ndi fiber zikhalebe gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake.

Madzi ndi Chisamaliro cha Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Hosi ayenera kukhala ndi madzi oyera tsiku lililonse.

Hosi amene amadya chakudya chouma amamwa madzi ambiri. Madzi akuda angawonjezere chiopsezo cha matenda.

Ikani madzi pamalo amene manyowa sangathe kugwera kapena kuloweramo.

M’nyengo yamvula, musalole kuti malo omwera madzi azikhala matope nthawi zonse. Matope ndi chinyezi chochuluka zingabweretse mavuto ku mapazi komanso khungu.

Ngati mungathe, kwezani malo amene hosi amaimirapo akamamwa madzi kapena pangani ngalande kuti madzi azitha kuchoka bwino.

Yang’anani hosi tsiku lililonse.

Chotsani manyowa. Onani ngati akudya bwinobwino. Yang’anani ngati alibe zilonda zatsopano komanso ngati manyowa ake akuoneka mwachizolowezi.

Hosi amene wasiya kudya mwadzidzidzi kapena akusonyeza kupweteka kwambiri m’mimba angakhale ndi vuto lotchedwa colic pa Chingelezi.

Ngati akupunduka kwambiri, sangathe kupondapo mwendo, kapena akuvutika kwambiri, funani thandizo la dokotala kapena mlangizi wa ziweto mwamsanga.

Malo Ogona ndi Kusamalira Mapazi

Kwa alimi ambiri ang’onoang’ono, hosi safunikira nyumba yapamwamba.

Malo osavuta okhala ndi denga, zotchingira mbali zina, ndi pansi pouma angakhale okwanira.

Hosi amafunikira mthunzi masana, malo ouma pamene mvula ikugwa kwambiri komanso chotchinga mphepo kumalo amene mphepo imawomba kwambiri.

Kuyimirira nthawi zonse m’matope kapena pamalo onyowa kungayambitse mavuto ku mapazi.

Matenda ena amene amatha kugwira pansi pa phazi la hosi chifukwa chokhala nthawi yaitali pamalo onyowa amatchedwa thrush pa Chingelezi.

Chotsani matope ndi madzi pamalo amene hosi amagona kapena kuima nthawi zambiri.

Mbali yolimba ya pansi pa phazi la hosi imene imakula ngati msomali imatchedwa hoof pa Chingelezi.

Mbali imeneyi ikatalika kwambiri, kusweka kapena kuvulala, hosi angayambe kupunduka ndipo angalephere kugwira ntchito.

Choncho mapazi ake ayenera kuyang’aniridwa ndi kudulidwa kapena kukonzedwa pakafunika kutero.

Ngati simukudziwa momwe mungachitire zimenezi, funani munthu amene amadziwa bwino kusamalira mapazi a mahosi kapena mlangizi wa ziweto.

M’nyengo yamvula, chotsani matope pansi pa mapazi a hosi akamaliza kugwira ntchito.

Khola la usiku lomwe lili pafupi ndi nyumba lingathandizenso kuchepetsa kuba komanso kupewa kuti hosi asalowe n’kuwononga mbewu m’minda.

Thanzi ndi Thandizo la Alangizi a Ziweto

Mfundo zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhaniyi sizikusonyeza kuti ku Malawi kuli pulogalamu ya dziko lonse yomwe imayang’ana chithandizo cha mahosi okha.

Koma Unduna wa Zaulimi uli ndi ntchito za Animal Health and Livestock Development, zomwe zimayang’anira thanzi ndi chitukuko cha ziweto.

Funsani alangizi a ziweto m’dera lanu kuti mudziwe chithandizo chomwe chilipo kwa mahosi ndi ziweto zina zogwirira ntchito.

Ngati zipatala za ziweto zili kutali, kupewa matenda kumakhala kofunika kwambiri.

Mukabweretsa hosi watsopano, ndi bwino kumusunga payekha kaye kwa nthawi inayake kuti muone ngati alibe matenda asanaphatikizidwe ndi ziweto zina. Njira imeneyi pa Chingelezi imatchedwa quarantine.

Pewani ntchentche ndi nkhupakupa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zimene alangizi a ziweto akulangizani.

Sungani chakudya ndi madzi kukhala zoyera ndipo zilonda muzichiza msanga.

Musamugwiritse ntchito kwambiri hosi amene waonda kapena wafooka, makamaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe.

Ngati hosi wagwa ndipo sangathe kudzuka, akuvutika ndi colic, kapena wapunduka kwambiri, funani dokotala wa ziweto kapena mlangizi wa ziweto m’malo mongoyesa mankhwala osiyanasiyana mwachisawawa.

Nkhaniyi sikunena kuti ku Malawi kuli zipatala zoyenda za mahosi kapena ndondomeko zapadera zochotsa nyongolotsi pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a labotale, chifukwa magwero omwe tagwiritsa ntchito sanasonyeze kuti ntchito zimenezi zilipo m’dziko lonse.

Kuswana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Hosi

Musayambe kuswana mahosi mpaka mutatsimikiza kuti muli ndi chakudya ndi madzi okwanira.

Hosi wamkazi amene ali ndi bere kapena akuyamwitsa mwana amafunikira chakudya chabwino komanso madzi odalirika.

Ntchito ya hosi iyenera kugwirizana ndi mmene thupi lake lilili.

Kugwiritsa ntchito hosi wodyetsedwa bwino pa mayendedwe opepuka n’kosiyana kwambiri ndi kumukakamiza kukoka katundu wolemera ali wowonda m’mwezi wa October.

Pumulitsani hosi amene akuonda.

Ngati mahosi akukhala limodzi ndi ng’ombe, ikani malo awo odyera mosiyana kuti ziweto zisamenyane kapena kuvulazana.

Sungani zolemba zosavuta za nthawi imene munagula hosi, matenda amene wadwalapo komanso mankhwala amene walandira. Izi zingathandize alangizi a ziweto kukupatsani malangizo abwino ngati patabuka vuto.

Zinthu ziyenera kuonedwa moyenera.

Kafukufuku wa chakudya cha ziweto ku Malawi ukusonyeza kuti n’zotheka kulima udzu wabwino. Koma sizikutanthauza kuti mlimi aliyense angathe kuchita zimenezi bwinobwino.

Komanso palibe mitengo yodalirika ya mahosi yomwe ikugwira ntchito m’dziko lonse.

Ngati simungathe kupeza chakudya ndi madzi okwanira mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe, ndi bwino kuchedwetsa kugula hosi.

Njira yabwino yoyambira ndi hosi mmodzi amene mungathe kumusamalira bwino, chakudya ndi madzi odalirika, malo osavuta koma otetezeka ogona, komanso mwayi wopeza mlangizi kapena dokotala wa ziweto pakafunika thandizo.

Wonjezerani mahosi ena pokhapokha mutadziwa bwino ndalama komanso ntchito yeniyeni yomwe imafunika posamalira hosi woyamba uja.

*Izi ndi zophunzitsira kokha. Zotsatira za kuweta ziweto zingasiyane malinga ndi nyengo, dera, kupezeka kwa chakudya, mmene chiweto chilili komanso kasamalidwe. Funsani dokotala wa ziweto kapena mlangizi wa ziweto musanapange chisankho chachikulu chokhudza mahosi kapena ziweto zina.*

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi mlimi wamng’ono angadyetse hosi chakudya chotani ku Malawi?

Ngati zingatheke, limani udzu wabwino monga Rhodes grass, Ntchisi panic grass kapena Napier grass. Konzeraninso zotsalira za mbewu monga mapesi a chimanga, omwe pa Chingelezi amatchedwa maize stover, komanso zotsalira za mtedza, groundnut tops, kuti zithandize m’nyengo yachilimwe.

Kodi pamafunika malo aakulu bwanji?

Magwero omwe tagwiritsa ntchito sapereka chiwerengero chenicheni cha malo ofunikira pa hosi mmodzi. Koma udzu wolimidwa ungadulidwe n’kupita nawo kunyumba kukadyetsa hosi. Njira imeneyi, cut-and-carry, ingakhale yabwino kwa mlimi amene ali ndi malo ang’onoang’ono.

Kodi chithandizo cha dokotala wa ziweto chilipo?

Unduna wa Zaulimi uli ndi ntchito za Animal Health and Livestock Development. Koma ntchito zapadera za mahosi sizinafotokozedwe bwino m’magwero omwe tagwiritsa ntchito. Funsani alangizi a ziweto m’boma lanu kuti mudziwe thandizo lomwe lilipo.

Kodi mahosi angadye limodzi ndi ng’ombe?

Angagwiritse ntchito malo omwewo odyetsera, koma kasamalidwe kake kamasiyana. Onetsetsani kuti palibe kumenyana kapena kulandidwana chakudya ndi madzi.

Kodi ndingapeze kuti thandizo m’dera langa?

Yambani ndi alangizi a ziweto a Unduna wa Zaulimi kapena ofesi ya zaulimi m’dera lanu. Zina mwa mfundo za chakudya zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhaniyi zimachokera ku ntchito zokhudzana ndi Chitedze Research Station komanso buku lotchedwa Pasture Handbook for Malawi.

N’chiyani chimayambitsa mavuto kwambiri poweta hosi?

Kusowa chakudya choyenera kumapeto kwa chilimwe, madzi akuda, malo onyowa ndi amatope, komanso kuchedwa kuthandiza hosi akayamba kupunduka kapena kuvulala.

Kodi ndiyenera kuswanitsa hosi wanga wamkazi?

Pokhapokha mutatsimikiza kuti mungathe kumudyetsa ndi kumupatsa madzi bwino chaka chonse. Kuyamba kuswana musanatsimikize chakudya kumangowonjezera chiopsezo.

Werenganinso: Malangizo othandiza a ulimi pa Kumunda

Kuti mupeze malangizo ovomerezeka, funsani Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Malawi (Malawi Ministry of Agriculture).

For official guidance, consult the Malawi Ministry of Agriculture.